Authored By: Anurag Jayant, B.A.LL.B (Hons), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, & Co-Authored By: Kritika Raikwar B.A.LL.B (Hons), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
INTRODUCTION
Art and music are fundamental expressions of human creativity and communication, encapsulating the essence of what it means to be human. The ability to convey emotions, thoughts, and experiences through these mediums is a hallmark of our species. However, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced a new dimension to artistic creation, raising questions about the authenticity and soulfulness of AI-generated art.
Consider the great artist Raja Ravi Varma[1], who could hardly have imagined that his iconic paintings might one day be replicated in mere seconds by AI. This notion seems almost surreal, as it challenges the very essence of artistic vision and human ingenuity. AI, as a mechanical process devoid of human emotion and intentionality, appears to lack the soulfulness and depth that characterise human-created art.
Furthermore, the accessibility of art online has facilitated the rapid proliferation of AI-generated pieces, which often draw inspiration from existing works. Tools such as DALL-E[2] and Gencraft, while remarkable in their capabilities, raise ethical and legal concerns regarding the appropriation of artistic content. Can AI-generated art truly be considered original when it relies heavily on borrowed elements from other artists[3]? Is it merely a form of sophisticated mimicry, devoid of genuine creativity?
These questions extend beyond mere philosophical inquiry, delving into the legal and ethical implications of AI image generation tools. The practice of using existing artworks as training data for AI models blurs the lines of intellectual property and raises concerns about copyright infringement. Additionally, the proliferation of AI-generated art could undermine the livelihoods of professional artists, as their originality and uniqueness are commodified and devalued by automated processes.
EVOLUTION OF AI ART
The emergence of AI art can be traced back to 2016 when a cohort of researchers endeavoured to develop algorithms capable of generating images based on word prompts, even if the results were initially rudimentary or pixelated.[4]
Prior to this research, up until 2015, technology had advanced to the point where it could label objects appearing in images. For example, it could analyse a scene and identify objects such as trees, the sun, grass, etc. This capability led to the development of “Automated Image Captioning[5],” where AI could generate short descriptive sentences explaining the content of a picture. However, researchers from the University of Toronto’s Department of Computer Science decided to innovate upon this by attempting to reverse the process. They aimed to advance AI to a level where it could generate an image based on a provided text prompt. The study mentions – “We introduce a model that generates images from natural language descriptions. The proposed model iteratively draws patches on a canvas, while attending to the relevant words in the description.”
The research concluded – “We demonstrated that the alignDRAW model, a combination of a recurrent variational autoencoder with an alignment model over words, succeeded in generating images that correspond to a given input caption.”[6]
This research laid the foundation for the current wave of various AI generators and algorithms such as Stable diffusion, DALL-E, CLIP, Mid Journey, etc., which can create virtually any image imaginable by a human being in mere seconds, although they still struggle with certain complexities such as depicting hands. These programs are trained on thousands, even millions of images scraped from the web or sourced from databases like LAION[7]. Even before these AI generators, AI models existed that could generate images, but they required specific training for the type of image desired. For instance,
- DeepDream – In 2015, Google engineer Alexander Mordvintsev engineered the DeepDream software. Beginning without any input, DeepDream had the intriguing ability to generate captivating, psychedelic imagery.
- Style Transfer – In 2016, the first published instance of “A Neural Algorithm of Artistic Style” introduced the style transfer algorithm. This innovative approach utilised convolutional neural networks to extract the “style” – essentially, the patterns found in the texture – from one image and seamlessly apply it to another.
- Artbreeder – In 2018, the introduction of Artbreeder marked a significant development in GAN-based image generation. Unlike purely automated processes, Artbreeder integrates human interaction into the creative process. The concept revolves around the GAN generating numerous random images, and users select two favourable ones to “breed” into a fresh batch of images. This generator became quite popular on various social media apps.[8]
Now, the prospect of simply writing a description and having AI create virtually anything imaginable is within reach.
Nowadays, AI-generated art has become so ubiquitous that distinguishing between creations made by a human artist and those crafted by algorithms can be challenging. However, there have been instances where individuals have exploited AI technology for personal gain. For example, Jason Allen’s piece, “Théâtre D’opéra Spatial,” won the blue ribbon in the Colorado State Fair’s annual art competition[9]. Remarkably, Allen didn’t create his entry with traditional tools like a brush or clay; instead, he utilised Midjourney, an artificial intelligence program capable of transforming lines of text into hyper-realistic works of art. This victory sparked controversy among artists who accused him of essentially cheating the system.
Similarly, in 2018, an AI-generated image fetched over $40,000 in an auction, shedding light on the growing intersection of AI and the art market.[10]
The legal and ethical implications surrounding AI art will be further explored in the subsequent sections of this essay.
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
The wondrous world of AI has proven to be full of misfortunes and miracles, bestowing sunshine on a lucky few while casting a dark shadow over the collective. On one hand it has given people the power to tap into the labyrinthine latent space of culture[11] while on the other hand it has killed the artist. It is wielding the power to silence an artist’s muse and the melodious song of human ingenuity.
The population makes use of the AI art generators to create an artwork, that seems to not be the problem at hand because the AI algorithms are not simply replicating an artist’s work, as these algorithms typically exploit latent spaces within multidimensional variables to generate images. Nevertheless, to reach this length, the AI must be trained on millions of photos. Herein lies the problem, that is, individuals are using these AI art generators to copy, steal the content of actual artists to generate profits, exploiting legal loopholes stemming from the lack of copyright and intellectual property protections in the realm of AI, which is still a relatively nascent phenomenon.
Intellect Shield: Copyright law
Copyright law acts as the guardian of an individual’s innovation. Its embrace provides a haven for the melodies, brushstrokes, and poetry of musicians, painters, and poets, guaranteeing that their individual expressions endure forever. Most of the world’s legal system gives copyright and intellectual property rights to individuals to preserve and protect their artistic work, giving them sovereignty over their imaginative realm.
According to Indian law, copyright is given to the creators of original works of literary nature. Section 57 of the copyright act[12] provides the creator with 2 moral rights: –
- Right of paternity:
The right of paternity refers to a right of an author to claim authorship of work and a right to prevent all others from claiming authorship of his work.
- Right of Integrity:
Right of integrity empowers the author to prevent distortion, mutilation or other alterations of his work, or any other action in relation to said work, which would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation.[13]
Due to the novel nature of AI Art the discourse regarding protecting the rights of the original artist and their intellectual property is almost none in India. There seems to be virtually no protection given to protect an artist intellectual property. Their Right of integrity and paternity is being infringed upon every day.
In the case of Hindustan Pencils Ltd v Alpna Cottage Industries[14], the Copyright Board of Goa held that “where the similarities between the artistic works of the parties are fundamental and substantial in material aspects, it would amount to copyright violation and the defendant’s copyright is liable to be expunged from the register of copyright.” According to this reasoning, it is obvious that copyright infringement has been committed by those who intentionally included text prompts meant to imitate an artist’s original work, but sadly, these instances are going unpunished because of unawareness.
According to a report by Indian Express Yashaswi Dugar, an artist says, “AI scours images on the internet taken with or without permission of its respective creators, categorises them into data sets and then creates images abiding by these data sets against the textual prompt a human give.”[15]
Consequently, there has been significant outcry by various artists whose art is being appropriated without any repercussions. In other countries legal actions have been taken against AI art generators. In a collective legal action initiated by artists, presented before the United States District Court in California against Stability AI, it’s contended that the AI platform underwent training utilising copyrighted images. It is said that these photos were obtained without the permission of the individual artists and then used to produce fresh images that are directly competitive with the originals in the marketplace without paying the artists anything[16]. As a result of the uproar, Deviantart, the largest online art community, found itself embroiled in a massive backlash upon the release of its AI, DreamUp. Artists on the platform expressed deep concerns over the AI’s ability to replicate their artistic work without credit or permission. In response to this outcry, Deviantart was compelled to revise its policy. This new approach allows artists to decide whether to submit their works of art for the AI to utilise, a significant departure from the previous Opt-out policy, which only used the artwork of the artists unless they specifically declined.[17]
In conclusion, the future of AI-generated art has numerous legal implications that must be carefully navigated. The legal landscape must evolve rapidly in response to the advancements in AI technology and its generated content. Thus, AI driven copyright infringement requires a multifaceted approach that contains legislative measures, better awareness about responsible use of AI, and developing current copyright laws so that we can strive towards a future where innovation thrives while respecting the integrity of intellectual property.
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
In the dynamic intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and artistic expression, ethical considerations emerge as critical navigational markers, directing the trajectory of innovation and societal discourse. As AI technologies advance in their ability to generate art, the ethical implications of AI-generated artworks become more apparent, prompting profound reflections on the moral responsibilities of creators, consumers, and stakeholders. The ethical dimensions of AI art are as diverse as they are complex, encompassing a wide range of concerns from transparency and consent to fairness, accountability, and the preservation of human dignity. These ethical considerations intersect with legal frameworks, cultural norms, and societal values to form the moral compass that guides AI artistry.
As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more intertwined with artistic creation, ethical concerns about transparency, consent, and the possibility of misuse have surfaced. Navigating the complex ethical terrain of AI-generated art necessitates striking a delicate balance between fostering innovation and safeguarding individual and societal interests. The ethical issues surrounding AI-generated art highlight the importance of legal and ethical frameworks capable of dealing with these complexities. These frameworks should seek to protect the rights of artists and copyright holders while also acknowledging AI’s potential to contribute to the creative process. As AI evolves, it is critical that policymakers, legal scholars, and the broader community engage in ongoing dialogue to develop frameworks.
Transparency: revealing the AI beneath the art
In the realm of AI-generated art, transparency plays a pivotal role in fostering trust, promoting accountability, and navigating ethical considerations. Transparency entails the clear and comprehensive disclosure of the role that artificial intelligence algorithms play in the creation process, illuminating the mechanisms behind the artistic output. At its core, transparency serves to bridge the gap between creators, consumers, and the technological processes that underpin AI-generated art. By shedding light on the algorithms, data sources, and methodologies employed, transparency empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their engagement with AI-generated artworks. This transparency not only fosters trust between creators and consumers, but also enables informed decision-making. AI systems use complex algorithms, which makes it difficult for non-technical users to determine their level of involvement in the creative process. Transparency ensures that people understand the role AI plays in creating art, reducing potential concerns about deception or misrepresentation. The call for transparency goes beyond the art itself, requiring the disclosure of data sources, training methodologies, and the biases inherent in AI algorithms. Addressing these issues encourages accountability and allows for a more nuanced understanding of the ethical implications of AI-generated art.
- Disclosure of AI Usage: Artists and platforms should openly disclose the use of AI algorithms in the creation of artworks. This includes providing information about the specific algorithms employed, their functionalities, and the extent of their influence on the artistic output.[18]
- Clarity in Attribution: Transparent attribution practices ensure that credit is appropriately assigned to both human creators and AI algorithms involved in the artistic process. Clear delineation of contributions acknowledges the collaborative nature of AI-generated art and honours the agency of all involved parties.
- Documentation of Processes: Transparent documentation of the AI art creation process enhances accountability and reproducibility. Artists and platforms should document the steps involved, including data selection, algorithmic training, parameter settings, and post-processing techniques, to enable scrutiny and validation.
- Engagement with Stakeholders: Transparency entails engaging with stakeholders, including artists, technologists, ethicists, and the public, in open dialogues about the ethical, social, and cultural implications of AI-generated art. Collaboration and inclusivity foster a shared understanding of the ethical considerations and inform responsible practices.
Therefore, transparency serves as a cornerstone of ethical AI artistry, promoting openness, accountability, and informed decision-making. By revealing the AI beneath the art, creators and platforms uphold principles of integrity, trustworthiness, and respect for individual agency.
Consent: Navigating the Rights of Individuals Depicted
In the ethical landscape of AI-generated art, obtaining informed consent emerges as a critical concern, particularly when the artwork depicts identifiable individuals. The right of individuals to control the use of their likeness is a fundamental ethical principle that must be upheld. Securing consent entails not only informing people that their images may be used in AI-generated art, but also making sure they understand the potential consequences. This becomes especially difficult as AI algorithms improve, allowing the creation of increasingly realistic and sophisticated representations.
As AI algorithms explore the realm of artistic creation, they frequently rely on large datasets containing personal information, images, or likenesses of individuals. This raises fundamental ethical concerns about the use of such data in AI-generated artworks, as well as the importance of obtaining informed consent from those depicted. Consent in this context goes beyond mere legal compliance; it embodies principles of respect, transparency, and empowerment, ensuring that individuals have control over how their data and image rights are used in artistic expressions.
- Respect for Individual Autonomy: Consent is not only a legal requirement, but also a moral imperative based on the principle of respecting individual autonomy. It acknowledges that individuals have an inherent right to control how their likeness is used in artistic expressions, ensuring that their voice and agency are respected throughout the creative process. Obtaining voluntary and informed consent empowers individuals by allowing them to influence how they are represented and portrayed in AI-generated artworks.
- Protection of Privacy Rights: Consent is critical in protecting individuals’ privacy rights, especially when using their personal data or images in AI-generated art. By seeking and obtaining consent, artists uphold ethical standards and demonstrate a commitment to protecting people’s privacy and personal information.[19] This proactive approach reduces the risk of unauthorized or non-consensual use of individuals’ likenesses, fostering trust and accountability within the artistic community.
- Dignity Preservation: Consent is based on the preservation of human dignity, which recognizes each individual’s inherent worth and right to self-determination. Respecting people’s dignity entails more than just obtaining their consent; it also entails portraying them in a way that reflects their values, beliefs, and preferences. Artists must be mindful of cultural sensitivities, avoid perpetuating stereotypes or biases, and strive to depict individuals authentically and respectfully in AI-generated artworks. This dedication to preserving dignity promotes inclusivity, empathy, and ethical engagement in artistic practices.
- Adult Content: Promptchan AI is a sophisticated tool that uses artificial intelligence to create highly realistic adult-themed images. It has a user-friendly interface that allows users to create images based on written descriptions, as well as the option to enhance these visuals using an Edit Mode. Furthermore, the tool gives users access to a diverse collection of images contributed by the community, making it an adaptable platform for artists, designers, and enthusiasts to effectively express their creative ideas. [20] The potential for misuse of AI tools such as Promptchan raises serious ethical concerns, especially given their ability to generate explicit content. Promptchan, like other AI platforms, can generate text and imagery that may be explicit or inappropriate in nature. This increases the risk that the tool will be used for harmful, exploitative, or even illegal purposes. One of the primary ethical concerns is Promptchan’s abilities to contribute to the spread of inappropriate or harmful content online. This includes content that is pornographic, violent, discriminatory, or otherwise inappropriate. Such concerns extend to issues of consent and privacy. If Promptchan is used to generate content using people’s likenesses or personal information without their permission, it raises serious ethical concerns about privacy rights and individuals’ autonomy over their own image and data. Not only does such content violate ethical standards, but it also has the potential to harm individuals, communities, and society.
Misuse: Protecting Against Unintended Consequences
In the burgeoning field of AI-generated art, where algorithms wield the brush and pixels dance to the beat of machine intelligence, the threat of abuse casts a long shadow over the canvas of innovation. As AI technologies evolve and proliferate and gain the ability to generate content that closely resembles human creations, concerns arise about the technology’s unintended consequences, necessitating a thorough examination of the ethical challenges and safeguards required to prevent misuse.
Misuse in the context of AI-generated art covers a wide range of issues, from the creation of deceptive or harmful content to the unwitting reinforcement of societal biases embedded in algorithmic frameworks. These unintended consequences not only undermine trust and integrity, but also endanger people’s rights, well-being, and the fabric of society.
- Deceptive Content: One of the most pressing concerns about the misuse of AI-generated art is the creation of false or misleading content. With the advancement of AI algorithms, artists and technologists can create hyper-realistic images and videos that are nearly identical to genuine human creations. This capability raises serious ethical concerns because it enables potential exploitation, misinformation, and fraud. The ability to create convincing visual content blurs the distinction between reality and fiction, providing fertile ground for deceptive practices. The proliferation of deceptive content, whether it is manipulating images to change historical events, fabricating evidence to support false narratives, or creating counterfeit artworks, jeopardises societal trust, integrity, and the reliability of visual information.
- Harmful applications: Misuse of AI-generated art goes beyond deception and includes more nefarious applications with malicious intent. Perhaps the most well-known example is the creation of deep fake videos or images, which are meticulously crafted to defame, harass, or manipulate people. These malicious creations undermine trust and violate privacy, exposing unsuspecting people to reputational damage, emotional distress, and even threats to their safety. Deepfakes, which range from revenge porn to political propaganda, have emerged as a powerful tool for malicious actors looking to manipulate public opinion, sow discord, or exact personal vendettas. The proliferation of harmful applications not only undermines trust in digital media, but it also endangers people’s reputations, well-being, and basic rights.
- Reinforcement of Bias: AI algorithms can unintentionally reinforce societal biases, leading to misuse of art. When AI systems are trained on biased or unrepresentative datasets, the resulting artworks may reinforce or exacerbate existing stereotypes, prejudices, and inequalities.[21] Biased AI-generated art, whether it depicts certain racial or gender groups in stereotypical roles, reinforces beauty standards that marginalise certain body types, or prioritises certain cultural narratives over others, can exacerbate societal divisions and injustices. The insidious nature of algorithmic bias stems from its subtlety—biases embedded within AI systems are frequently invisible to the naked eye but exert enormous influence over the content they generate.
ADVANCEMENTS IN FUTURE OF GENERATIVE AI
As we approach the dawn of a new technological era, the future of generative artificial intelligence (AI) beckons with limitless possibilities and profound implications. The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence algorithms promises to transform not only how we create and interact with digital content, but also the very fabric of human creativity itself. However, along with the promise of innovation, the future of generative AI raises serious ethical, societal, and philosophical concerns.
- Personalised Artistic Experiences: As AI algorithms improve their ability to understand individual preferences, contexts, and emotions, we can expect personalised artistic experiences tailored to users’ specific tastes and interests. AI-generated artworks will adapt in real time based on user feedback, biometric data, and contextual cues, resulting in immersive and engaging experiences that are deeply personal.
- Enhanced realism and fidelity: As generative AI algorithms advance; we expect significant improvements in the realism and fidelity of the content they produce. Whether it’s images, videos, audio, or text, future iterations of generative AI are poised to produce results that blur the distinction between artificial and human-created content. This means that the limits of visual and auditory realism will be pushed to new heights, with AI-generated content becoming almost indistinguishable from that created by human hands and minds. This advancement has far-reaching implications, with the potential to transform industries such as entertainment, gaming, virtual reality, and more.
- Unemployment in Creative Industries: As AI-generated art gains popularity and acceptance, there is concern that it will disrupt traditional creative industries, reducing demand for human artists and designers. This could result in job displacement and unemployment for people who rely on their creative skills to make a living, exacerbating social tensions and unrest. Even today, artists and designers perceive the rise of AI technology as a threat, resulting in resistance and opposition to its adoption in creative industries. Furthermore, there may be concerns about the loss of cultural heritage and diversity if human artists are marginalised in favour of AI-created content.
- Public Trust: As generative AI advances, public confidence is likely to erode even further. With the ability to replicate and “create” art with uncanny accuracy, as well as flood platforms with misinformation on a wide range of topics, there is a real threat of manipulating human behaviour through intricately crafted narratives. This onslaught of deception will make it more difficult for citizens worldwide to distinguish between reality and falsehood, truth, and deception. Even the results of fact-checking efforts will be questioned, given generative AI’s ability to mimic reputable sources.[22] Combating these evolving threats will put security teams to the test. While AI models hold promise for identifying and mitigating such risks, the road to restoring public trust will undoubtedly be lengthy and arduous.
- Loss of Human Creativity and Authenticity: As AI’s ability to generate art advances, there is concern that it will erode human creativity and authenticity in the artistic process. With the rise of AI-generated art, there is a risk that human artists will be overshadowed or sidelined, resulting in a diminished role in the creative landscape. This could lead to a homogenization of artistic styles, as AI algorithms may favour certain aesthetic trends or patterns over others, suffocating diversity, and innovation in artistic expression.
The future of AI-generated art is a complex landscape brimming with both enormous opportunities and formidable challenges. As AI algorithms evolve and advance, they have the potential to revolutionise the creative process, democratise access to artistic expression, and push the limits of visual and auditory creativity. However, these opportunities raise concerns about the potential negative impact on human creativity, authenticity, and employment in traditional creative industries.
Therefore, it is critical for society to approach the future of AI-generated art with caution and anticipation. While AI technology opens exciting opportunities for innovation and artistic exploration, it is critical to prioritise ethical considerations, mitigate potential risks, and ensure that the benefits of AI-generated art are distributed equitably to all stakeholders. This includes assisting human artists and designers, encouraging diversity and inclusivity in AI-generated content, and cultivating a collaborative relationship between humans and machines during the creative process.
Artists on the platform expressed deep concerns over the AI’s ability to replicate their work without credit or permission. In response to this overwhelming outcry, DeviantArt was compelled to revise its policy. The new approach allows artists to decide whether they want their artwork to be utilised by the AI, a significant departure from the previous opt-out system that automatically employed artists’ works unless they explicitly declined.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the convergence of AI-generated output and human artistic input brings forth a plethora of legal and ethical concerns that require careful navigation. The looming issues of consent, potential misuse, and unchecked biases underscore the critical need for protective measures to safeguard the rights of traditional artists and preserve the integrity of their creative expression. As AI continues to evolve and democratize creativity, it brings new societal and legal challenges to the forefront. Therefore, advancements in copyright law and intellectual property protection are imperative to uphold human originality and prevent its dilution by machine-generated content. By embracing ethical principles and honest practices we can strive for a future of AI in which artistic expression and machine’s transformative potential go hand in hand.
[1] Writers of Britannica, Ravi Varma, Encyclopaedia Britannica (Feb. 8 ,2024), https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ravi-Varma .
[2] Aditya Ramesh, DALL-E: Creating images from text, OpenAI (Jan. 5 ,2021), https://openai.com/research/dall-e .
[3] Kevin Kelly, Picture Limitless Creativity at Your Fingertips, Wired (Nov 17 ,2022 ,6:00AM), https://www.wired.com/story/picture-limitless-creativity-ai-image-generators/ .
[4] Elman Mansimov et al.., Generating Images from Captions with Attention, ICLR, 29 Feb. 2016, at 1,1.
[5] A. Puscasiu et al., Automated image captioning, AQTR, July 2020.
[6] MANSIMOV, supra note 4.
[7] Romain Beaumont, LAION-5B: A New Era of Open Large-Scale Multi-Modal Datasets, LAION (March 31 ,2022), https://laion.ai/blog/laion-5b/ .
[8]Jack Morris , The Weird and Wonderful World of AI Art , NOTION (Jan. 28 ,2022 ,4:31AM), https://jxmo.notion.site/The-Weird-and-Wonderful-World-of-AI-Art-b9615a2e7278435b98380ff81ae1cf09 .
[9] Kevin Roose, An A.I.-Generated Picture Won an Art Prize. Artists Aren’t Happy, N.Y. TIMES, Sept.2,2022, at pg.no.1.
[10] Fang Block, First Completely AI-Generated Artwork Heads to Auction, PENTA(Feb. 12 ,2019 ,3.45 PM), https://www.barrons.com/articles/first-completely-ai-generated-artwork-heads-to-auction-01550004364 .
[11] Tedunderwood, Mapping the latent spaces of culture, Tedunderwood (Oct. 21 .2021), https://tedunderwood.com/2021/10/21/latent-spaces-of-culture/ .
[12] Copyright Act, 1957, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 1957 (India).
[13] Mahendra Kumar Sunkar, Copyright Law in India,LSI (April 23 ,2021) , https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l195-Copyright-Law-in-India.html#:~:text=As%20per%20Section%2017%20of,of%20and%20scope%20of%20employment. .
[14] Hindustan Pencils Ltd v Alpna Cottage Industries, MIPR2007(1)41.
[15] Saumya Rastogi, AI art not a ‘replacer’ but an ‘enabler’: ‘No point being a Luddite in an era of innovation’, IE, Dec 3 ,2023, at pg. 1.
[16] Id.
[17] Joseph Foley, DeviantArt breaks silence over fierce backlash for its new AI art tool, CREATIVE BLOQ (Nov. 5 ,2022), https://www.creativebloq.com/news/deviantart-dreamup-ai
[18] Writers of Tomorrow’s World Today, Exploring the Ethical Implications of AI-Powered Art, Tomorrow’s World Today (March 7, 2024, 10:04 PM), https://www.tomorrowsworldtoday.com/artificial-intelligence/exploring-the-ethical-implications-of-ai-powered-art/#:~:text=The%20creation%20of%20generative%20AI,privacy%2C%20and%20intellectual%20property%20rights.
[19] Dr Mark van Rijmenam, Privacy in the Age of AI: Risks, Challenges and Solutions, (Feb 17, 2023), https://www.thedigitalspeaker.com/privacy-age-ai-risks-challenges-solutions/
[20] Damocles, Promptchan AI Explored: What You Need to Know, Metaroids, (June 14, 2023), https://metaroids.com/review/promptchan-ai-explored-what-you-need-to-know/
[21] Somdip Dey, Which Ethical Implications Of Generative AI Should Companies Focus On?, (Oct. 17, 2023, 7:03AM), https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/10/17/which-ethical-implications-of-generative-ai-should-companies-focus-on/?sh=49786ac1239f
[22] PAM BAKER, CHATGPT FOR DUMMIES 132 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2023)
Cite this article as:
Anurag Jayant & Kritika Raikwar, “Brushes and Algorithms: Legal and Ethical Frontiers of “Artificial” Creativity”, Vol.5 & Issue 5, Law Audience Journal (e-ISSN: 2581-6705), Pages 277 to 295 (20th April 2024), available at https://www.lawaudience.com/brushes-and-algorithms-legal-and-ethical-frontiers-of-artificial-creativity.
